For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears,[42] the morphological distinction seemingly driven by brown bears having access to a rich salmon food source, while grizzly bears live at higher elevation, or further from the coast, where plant material is the base of the diet. Giving Voice to Bear: North American Indian Rituals, Myths, [61], Beyond the regular predation of salmon, most brown bears are not particularly active predators. Found inside Page 413The home range of old male grizzly bears, for example, may extend over 2,500 km 2 (Craighead et al. 1995). Migrating bears often leave their reserves, as is regularly the case in Yellowstone (Fig. 5.11) or in the Canadian Banff National [207], Within Yellowstone National Park, injuries caused by grizzly attacks in developed areas averaged approximately one per year during the 1930s through to the 1950s, though it increased to four per year during the 1960s. [49][50], The normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head-and-body length of 1.4 to 2.8m (4ft 7in to 9ft 2in) and a shoulder height of 70 to 153cm (2ft 4in to 5ft 0in). Drobci ledenodobnega okolja: zbornik ob ivljenjskem - Page 124 They will also wade into shallow waters, hoping to pin a slippery salmon with their claws. ", "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designating the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Population of Grizzly Bears as a Distinct Population Segment; Removing the Yellowstone Distinct Population Segment of Grizzly Bears From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife", "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan PlateauHimalaya region and the identity of the yeti", "Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Population Genomics Reveal Recent Speciation and Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation in Polar Bears", "An Empirical Evaluation of Genetic Distance Statistics Using Microsatellite Data From Bear (Ursidae) Populations", "Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution", "Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic", "The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species", "Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change", "Seasonal patterns in the physiology of the European brown bear (, 10.1644/1545-1410(2002)696<0001:HM>2.0.CO;2, "Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe", Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (, "MSU researcher tests grizzly bear strength for National Geographic documentary", "Neixen quatre cries d's bru als Pirineus", "Situaci preocupant de l's bru als Pirineus", "Osos, el desafo de una poblacin creciente", "Brown Bear Population & Distribution: A Truly International Species", "Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (, "Importance of diel behaviour when studying habitat selection: examples from female Scandinavian brown bears (, "Capture, anesthesia, and disturbance of free-ranging brown bears (, "The social behaviour of brown bears on an Alaskan salmon stream". Found insideTHE BEAR & THE TRAVELLER Thanks to its megalomaniac dictator (under Ceauescu no one but he was allowed to hunt bears) 60% of Europe's brown bears are today found in Romania a staggering 6000 bears. The chances of seeing one are high They are rarely aggressive.

[70] The claws of a polar bear are also quite different, being notably shorter but broader with a strong curve and sharper point, presumably both as an aid to traveling over ice (sometimes nearly vertically) and procuring active prey. Even where hunting is legally permitted, most biologists feel that the numbers hunted are excessive considering the low reproduction rate and sparse distribution of the species. "I don't think hunting is good," says Szabolcs Mihaly, one of the two specialists behind the initiative. Grizzly bears are powerful, top-of-the-food-chain predators, yet much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves, and roots. Despite their lack of traditional territorial behavior, adult males can seem to have a "personal zone" in which other bears are not tolerated if they are seen. Bears in Yellowstone eat an enormous number of moths during the summer, sometimes as many as 40,000 Army cutworm moths in a single day, and may derive up to half of their annual food energy from these insects. Brown bear fossils discovered in Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky and Labrador show that the species occurred farther east than indicated in historic records. The dump was closed after both brown and American black bears came to associate humans with food and lost their natural fear of them. But three decades after Ceausescu died in 1989, those 220,000 hectares of primeval forest that the dictator preserved are now facing threats from logging. [195], Brown bears often figure into the literature of Europe and North America, in particular that which is written for children. There are approximately 200,000 brown bears left in the world. "The grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 19591992".

The nails themselves can be 5 to 6 inches long and thicker than a cigar. The fishing techniques of bears are well-documented. to teach them their colors and how they are associated with different animals. [12][99] Males always cover more area than females each year. Typically when hunting (especially with young prey), the bear pins its prey to the ground and then immediately tears and eats it alive.

[24][25], Several paleontologists suggest the possibility of two separate brown bear migrations: inland brown bears, also known as grizzlies, are thought to stem from narrow-skulled bears which migrated from northern Siberia to central Alaska and the rest of the continent, while Kodiak bears descend from broad-skulled bears from Kamchatka, which colonized the Alaskan peninsula. [196] In Scandinavia, there are only four known cases since 1902 of bear encounters which have resulted in death.

[26] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Both are very fast runners, but black bears are the fastest at 30 miles per hour. This remarkable book documents the history of that battle in England and Wales from the Middle Ages, shedding a new light on the history of our much-loved wildlife. Farmers, who also complain of losing livestock to bears, are often victims, as well as hunters, fishermen, and hikers. Wikipedia says that, "The biggest wild American black bear ever recorded was a male from New Brunswick, shot in November 1972, that weighed 902 lb after it had been dressed, meaning it weighed an estimated 1,100 lb in life, and measured (7.9 ft long. [163] The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age. [153][154] Smaller carnivorous animals, including coyotes, wolverines, lynxes, and any other sympatric carnivores or raptorial birds, are dominated by grizzly bears and generally avoid direct interactions with them, unless attempting to steal scraps of food. "The bear had one of the pigs in its claws," the sobbing 86-year-old . The brown bear is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. Park rangers received a call just after 7 p.m. Friday, as soon as the hikers returned to an area with . Found inside Page 227See also Symbol Renewal, bear as a symbol of, 7, 45, 89, 148, 172-73 Riddles, bear-telling, 53 Romania, See also Guardian spirit Spiritual Legacy of the American Indian, The (Brown), 6 Spring as season for hunt, 32, 41, 181 Stacey, There is documentation that wild bears are known to roam for over a hundred miles in search of food, shelter or a mate. (1972) stated bears are generally afraid of tigers and change their path after coming across tiger trails. [2][163][167] The largest amount of legalized brown bear hunting occurs in Canada, Finland, Russia, Slovakia and Alaska.

(1995). (1987). Brown bears in Romania are facing issues not unlike their grizzly bear counterparts in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: habitat destruction and increasing conflicts with humans. [213], Campers are often told to wear bright-colored red ribbons and bells and carry whistles to ward off bears. Romania is the one country in Europe that has for ages been the best place for bears.". Image credit: Milton Rodriguez/Shutterstock. According to the Alaska Science Center, a 12-gauge shotgun with slugs has been the most effective weapon. Guns remain a viable, last resort option to be used in defense of life from aggressive brown bears. Hibernation dens may consist of any spot that provides cover from the elements and that can accommodate their bodies, such as a cave, crevice, cavernous tree roots, or hollow logs.

[72] Around 13% to 44% of cubs die within their first year even in well-protected areas. [12][54] The average weight of adult male bears from 19 populations, from around the world and various subspecies (including both large- and small-bodied subspecies), was found to be 217kg (478lb) while adult females from 24 populations were found to average 152kg (335lb). [62] East Siberian brown bears, for example, tend to be much bolder toward humans than their shyer, more persecuted European counterparts. A woman in Romania was caught on camera walking up to a bear to try and pose with it in a heart-pounding video. [174][175] High road densities (both paved and gravel roads) are often associated with higher mortality, habitat avoidance and lower bear density. While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a Least concern species by the IUCN, with a total population of approximately 200,000. Brown bears were once native to Europe, much of Asia, the Atlas Mountains of Africa, and North America,[77] but are now extirpated in some areas, and their populations have greatly decreased in other areas. As of 2012[update], this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN, though the large sizes of both bears may be a disadvantage due to increased competition with humans. Brown bears are more aggressive than black bears, especially when they are mothers with cubs. [216] The California golden bear is the state animal of California. It is usually lost at an early age, leaving no trace of the alveolus in the jaw. But the brown bear has been making a comeback elsewhere in central Europe too, aided by resettlement projects in Austria, Italy and France.

[12] Mortality rates of 75100% among the cubs of any given year are not uncommon. Brown bears may also ambush young animals by finding them via scent. Bears have become so numerous that there are growing calls for a return to trophy hunting A spate of deadly bear attacks in Romania has raised fears that the population of Europe's largest . Despite the high animosity between the two species, most confrontations at kill sites or large carcasses end without bloodshed on either side. They enter cities because they know they can find food there. Genetic tests demonstrate this bear to have mixed brown bear and, International Union for Conservation of Nature, worst brown bear attack in Japanese history, List of fatal bear attacks in North America, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en, "Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, International Association for Bear Research and Management, "Status and management of the brown bear in Europe", Himalayan brown bears now critically endangered, "Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (, "Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America? They use them to do more digging than any other bear species, uprooting shrubs, shredding logs and stumps in search of insects and tubers, and digging massive dens, sometimes in frozen ground, that must be large enough for them to maneuver in. There are six recovery ecosystems for grizzly bears in the . Bear Aware. The locals who had helped the species recover in the area were proud of the high number, but Willcox said many of the Romanians stayed silent. [72][162] The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. The park is considered to be the largest grizzly bear recovery zone in the United States, which is an area that is thought to be an ideal habitat to help grizzly bear . The brown bear is Finland's national animal.[215]. As an omnivore, its diet ranges from . Bear filmed lunging at woman who got too close to take a picture. They use their long, strong claws to dig out earth to reach the roots and their powerful jaws to bite through them. [101], Brown bears usually occur over vast home ranges; however, they are not highly territorial. There are cute-and-cuddly bears for children, and soft-and-sweet bruins for babies. They must be doing something right., Click here to read https://publisher.etype.services/Livingston-Enterprise, The Livingston Enterprise Copyright 2021, Group from Romania visits Montana to compare notes on brown bear issues, By Johnathan Hettinger, Enterprise Staff Writer. Two centuries ago it's estimated that there were 50,000 grizzly bears in the contiguous U.S., so it's not surprising that grizzlies are listed as "threatened" in the lower 48. Those bears are in the Carpathian Mountains an ecosystem slightly larger than the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem but which supports 10 times the number of bears. A bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan, US, was thought by some to be a grizzly/American black bear hybrid, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull. After Romania recently banned trophy hunting, the government stopped a longtime policy of feeding bears, and as a result, they are increasingly gravitating toward communities, including agricultural communities, to find food. Growls and roars are made in aggression. [27][28] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears,[29][30] while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears.

The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly bear, the very large North American brown bear. [63][201][failed verification] Most attacks occur in the months of July, August and September, the time when the number of outdoor recreationalists, such as hikers or hunters, is higher. Spectacled Bear A spectacled bear. [86] One of the smallest-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts.

However, it frequently seems to peak in activity in the morning and early evening hours. The spectacled bear or the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only extant bear species that is native to South America and the Tremarctinae family's only surviving member.The spectacled bear is found in the Andes Mountain region in the countries of Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Argentina. During the dependency stage, the cubs learn (rather than inherit as instincts from birth) survival techniques, such as which foods have the highest nutritional value and where to obtain them; how to hunt, fish and defend themselves; and where to den. In Europe, there are 14,000brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 2025 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010,[81][82] in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and Len, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013[83]) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (50006000), Bulgaria (9001200), Slovakia (with about 600800 animals), Slovenia (500700 animals) and Greece (with about 200 animals) in the south. [158] Improbably, in the Himalayas Brown bears are reportedly intimidated by Asian black bears in confrontations. Brown bears regularly intimidate wolves to drive them away from their kills.

Females come into oestrus on average every three to four years, with a full range of 2.4 to 5.7 years. Grizzly bears once numbered about 50,000 and ranged over much of North America, including much of South Dakota and North Dakota. Eyewitnesses report seeing a bear high in the Alps near eastern Switzerland's border with Italy, where there is already an established bear population. [103] When an adult male brown bear kills a cub, it is usually because he is trying to bring the female into oestrus, as she will enter that state within two to four days after the death of her cubs. The U.S. Forest Service and Colorado Parks and Wildlife are stressing bear safety when camping after some recent sightings on Grand Mesa. In recent years the grizzly bear viewing at Bute Inlet has become a lot more popular and it is important to note that the visitor numbers are not controlled in the same way as Knight Inlet. The "jaw gape face" consists of an open mouth with visible lower canines and hanging lips while the "biting face" is similar to the "relaxed open-mouth face" except the ears are flattened and the eyes are wide enough to expose the sclera. The first three molars of the upper jaw are underdeveloped and single crowned with one root. "Movements of subadult male grizzly bears, "Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears, "Social Behavior of the Alaska Brown Bear", "Mating Strategies in Relation to Sexually Selected Infanticide in a Non-Social Carnivore: The Brown Bear", "Movement ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians", "Brown and Polar Bear Y Chromosomes Reveal Extensive Male-Biased Gene Flow within Brother Lineages", "Brown Bear Food Habits at the Border of Its Range: A Long-Term Study", "Grizzly bear reproductive rate relative to body size", "Female brain size and parental care in carnivores", "Reproductive characteristics of brown bears on the Oshima peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan", 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<1026:RCOBBO>2.0.CO;2, "Family breakup in brown bears: are young forced to leave? In a tour of Montana, the group of 11 Romanians, including grizzly activists and government officials, visited places designed to limit human-bear conflict. [40][41] These data demonstrate that U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes. [12][75][134][166] By the second and third years of their lives, the annual mortality rate among cubs in the care of their mothers drops to 10-15%.

Craighead, J. J., Sumner, J. S., & Mitchell, J. Found inside Page 8According to Servheen , there are significant populations of brown bears in many areas of eastern Europe , including Romania with an estimated 35,000 , the former Yugoslavia with an estimated 3,000 , and the Ukraine with a large The forehead is high and rises steeply. Grizzly bears are powerful, top-of-the-food-chain predators, yet much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves, and roots. In large coastal or Kodiak bear males, the hindfoot may measure up to 40cm (16in) in length, 28.5cm (11.2in) in width, while outsized Kodiak bears having had confirmed measurements of up to 46cm (18in) along their rear foot. [55][103] Copulation is vigorous and prolonged and can last up to an hour, although the mean time is about 2324 minutes. In 2016, Romania banned the trophy hunting of large carnivores, such as bears and wolves. Now you see him here; in a few hours, he's a few kilometers away. [58] They have long, thick fur, with a moderately long mane at the back of the neck which varies somewhat across the types. There's been a wave of recent run-ins with bears in East Idaho, and one grizzly had to be killed by Idaho Department of Fish and Game employees because the animal had become habituated to humans . [163][203] In 2008, a platinum mining compound in the Olyotorsky district of northern Kamchatka was besieged by a group of 30 bears, who killed two guards and prevented workers from leaving their homes. [61] On the other hand, some brown bears are quite self-assured predators who habitually pursue and catch large prey items. Agent Green, an environmental NGO, said after Tanczos' appointment: "The Environment Ministry has ended up in the hands of a hunter who dislikes bears. If a bear is killed near camp, the bear's carcass must be adequately disposed of, including entrails and blood, if possible. Bears in Poland. Both sounds are produced by exhalations though huffing is harsher and is made repeatedly (two per second) while a woof is made only once. [101], Several different facial expressions have been documented in brown bears. [58][60] Even within well-defined subspecies, individuals may show highly variable hues of brown. The mating season is from mid-May to early July, shifting later the further north the bears are found. The name grizzly is used when referring to a number of different subspecies of brown bear found across North America including the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis). With "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", a story from England, the Three Bears are usually depicted as brown bears. [24] Due to the bears' enormous physical strength, even a single bite or swipe can be deadly as in tigers, with some human victims having had their heads completely crushed by a bear bite. Some scientists have guessed there may be as few as 3,000 bears in Romania, while hunting organizations have made estimates as high as 10,000. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2021 RFE/RL, Inc. All Rights Reserved. "Placing a bear in habitat used by other bears may lead to competition and social conflict, and result in the injury or death of the less dominant bear. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. Notably, this contrasts with genetic signals from female-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where brown bears of different geographic regions typically show strong differences in their mtDNA, a result of female philopatry.

[1][8] The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries. Are there grizzly bears in the Alps? [126][127], The cubs are fully dependent on the mother and a close bond is formed. Idaho Fish and Game confirmed a bear sighting southeast of Salmon was a grizzly bear. [194] They are, however, unpredictable in temperament, and may attack if they are surprised or feel threatened. Black bears have shorter nails (1.5") which help them to climb trees, not a brown bear's forte. They then decreased to one injury every two years during the 1970s.

Today, grizzly bear distribution is primarily within but not limited to the areas identified as "Recovery Ecosystems." These ecosystems, each containing a recovery zone, were identified in the Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan and thought to support grizzly bears at the time of listing. [214], The Russian bear is a common national personification for Russia (as well as the former Soviet Union), despite the country having no appointed national animal. But that decision, along with the ongoing logging of primeval forest, has created more issues. [198] Mothers defending cubs are the most prone to attacking, being responsible for 70% of brown bear-caused human fatalities in North America. "Obviously there's a portion of the grizzly bear habitat outside the DMA in the Upper Snake region," Attebury said. [3][4][5][6][7] The brown bear's range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States, Hokkaido, Scandinavia, Finland, the Balkans, the Picos de Europa and the Carpathian region (especially Romania), Iran, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. In Hyder, there is a bear viewing platform at the Fish Creek Wildlife Observation Site where black and grizzly bears can be seen fishing for salmon. Moving camps immediately is another recommended method. [22] The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5million years ago. [12][52], While male bears potentially live longer in captivity, female grizzly bears have a greater annual survival rate than males within wild populations per a study done in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. "An animal that has attacked someone must be microchipped to be tracked by GPS, to be tracked where it goes. They didnt realize how many bears they have in Romania, Willcox said. The common name "grizzly" stems from their typical coloration, with the hairs on their back usually being brownish-black at the base and whitish-cream at the tips, giving them their distinctive "grizzled" color. Are there bears in Talkeetna?

During winter dormancy, the fetus attaches to the uterine wall. [124] At birth, the cubs are blind, toothless and hairless and may weigh from 350 to 510g (0.77 to 1.12lb), again reportedly based on the age and condition of the mother. The Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is one of the most common subspecies of the brown bear, and is found in much of Eurasia.It is also known as the European brown bear, common brown bear, common bear, and colloquially by many other names."The genetic diversity of present-day brown bears (Ursus arctos) has been extensively studied over the years and appears to be geographically . It may not be good to support the hunting of these animals, but a bear is not a dog, to escape with a bite," says one man who organizes hunting parties in Prahova County. Young adolescent males tend to be least aggressive and have been observed in nonantagonistic interactions with each other. Apart from the cinnamon subspecies of the American black bear (U. americanus cinnamonum), the brown bear is the only modern bear species to typically appear truly brown.

Grizzly Bears in Alaska. [87] Studies have shown that activity throughout the range can occur at nearly any time of night or day, with bears who dwell in areas with more extensive human contact being more likely to be fully nocturnal. This is because the grizzly bears in the North Cascades are isolated from populations in the Rockies, and with such a small population finding a mate is challenging.

Are there grizzly bears in California? The urine markings of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent. [75][55][110][111][112][113][103][114] Paternity DNA tests have shown that littermates do not share the same father in up to 29% of litters. Looking at the current populations of wolves and lynxes in Germany, it is a clear sign that there is room for such wildlife. Whether young or young-at-heart, there is a Steiff Teddy for everyone. The official number of brown bears in Romania is over 6,000. A study of male-inherited Y chromosome DNA sequence found that brown bears, over the past few 10,000 years, have shown strong male-biased dispersal. The story is told with words and photographs exactly as it happened. The authors pledge to donate a portion of the proceeds from the sale of this book to Vital Ground. Novak, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E. [12] When brown bears attack these large animals, they usually target young or infirm ones, as they are easier to catch. They are amongst the largest living carnivores and can grow to an enormous size, males up to 350kg, and females to 200kg, with the biggest on record being caught in Romania weighing 480kg.

The last part of that, the derivative of horrible, pretty well sums up the old griz. The grizzly bear is officially described as "Threatened" in the U.S.. [145] Some large brown bears may actually benefit from the tiger's presence by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves and follow tiger tracks. [137] Brown bears living near coastal regions will regularly eat crabs and clams. Despite their reputation, most brown bears are not highly carnivorous, as they derive up to 90% of their dietary food energy from vegetable matter. Gabriel Paun is pictured in 2015 in a Romanian forest that had been logged.

[5][12][53] Interior brown bears are generally smaller than is often perceived, being around the same weight as an average lion, at an estimate average of 180kg (400lb) in males and 135kg (298lb) in females, whereas adults of the coastal populations weigh about twice as much. It is one of the largest living terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, rivaled in size only by its closest relative, the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which is much less variable in size and slightly bigger on average. In direct confrontations, people who run are statistically more likely to be attacked than those who stand their ground. [148] Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks for various reasons.[149]. [72][121][122] Older and larger females within a population tend to give birth to larger litters. [108][117][118] There have been cases of brown bears with as many as six cubs, although the average litter size is one to three, with more than four being considered uncommon. As brown bears reclaim parts of their range, they may eat livestock as sheep and goats are relatively easy for a bear to kill. Found inside Page 16The nation with the next largest population of brown bears is Romania , with about 5,500 in the Carpathian Range . Brown bears also inhabit parts of Turkey , Iran , Pakistan , Afghanistan , India , China , North Korea , and the

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